The charges for the fuel tanks are placed on the opposite side of the vehicle from those for the oxidiser tanks so as to minimise the degree to which the propellants would mix as they are dispersing.The next announcement comes from the PAO at Mission Control in Houston, rather than the Launch Control Center at Cape Kennedy, Florida. The PAO also switches, and Jack King relinquishes the commentary to the Houston PAO, whose voice is heard from now on.Neil Armstrong reporting their roll and pitch program which puts Apollo 11 on a proper heading. It shows how the acceleration experienced by the crew varies over the course of the Saturn's ascent. It is essentially abort mode three and means that if the S-II were to fail, the S-IVB would have the capability to add sufficient speed for the Service Module's large main engine to complete the job and place the CSM in Earth orbit. Credit: NASA Nevertheless, controllers allowed the S-II stage to continue and it successfully inserted the orbital workshop into orbit, benefitting from the lower overall payload that Skylab represented.Neil Armstrong confirming both the engine skirt separation and the launch escape tower separation.Although Armstrong as commander has his own window through the Boost Protection Cover attached to the Launch Escape Tower, and Aldrin in the center couch can see through the hatch window above his head, Collins in the right-hand couch has had his windows covered up to this point.These two videos, kindly donated by Stephen Slater, show the separation of Apollo 4's S-IC stage from its S-II across both planes. This is known as Max-Q and is the point when weaknesses in the rocket's structure are most likely to be found out, especially if it has any slight sideways motion through the air.
Scan by Kipp Teague.KSC-69PC-442 - The Apollo 11 space vehicle moments after lift-off. (Click image for a larger version.
This fluid is triethylboron with 10-15 per cent triethylaluminium (known as TEA/TEB) and it is pyrophoric (i.e. A lesser factor is the rising efficiency of the engines as they ascend out of sea-level air pressure into the near vacuum of the upper atmosphere. The countdown clock is one of the most-watched timepieces in the world. RP stands for 'rocket propellant' which in this case has been highly refined to minimise the fuel's sulphur content. With built-in hold time included, it takes roughly 72 hours to conduct a Shuttle launch countdown. However, they were shot at about 4 times this rate, probably 96 frames per second. At the top of the turbopump shaft is the LOX pump with a single, large inlet in-line with the turboshaft axis. This is the Start Tank. It has burst diaphragms at either end and its own inject points on the face of the injector plate. This sequence of events is concerned with the operation of the S-IC (except guidance) through most of its powered flight.S69-40640 - The Apollo 11 space vehicle rises from the launch pad. Energised by sparks at the start of a burn. This was caused by the centre engine, mounted on a set of cross beams, setting up a longitudinal vibration in those beams. Image above: Sparks fly beneath space shuttle Discovery as engines ignite for the liftoff on mission STS-124. Eighty-second mark has now been passed. Credit: Photo courtesy of Scott Andrews Though it is taking account of where it is and how any wind is affecting it, it is not attempting to correct for it and so it is described as open-loop guidance. This moment is more formally called Guidance Reference Release or GRR. With the turbopump at full speed, fuel pressure exceeds hydraulic pressure supplied from ground equipment. The reference tool for conducting a Shuttle launch countdown is a five-volume manual encompassing some 5,000 pages of instructions. Once 30 seconds has passed after the first separation, enough time for the second stage engines to establish smooth acceleration with minimal rotation, another explosive charge severs the ties that hold the interstage just below the S-II's tank assembly.It is interesting to note that the interstage failed to separate on the Saturn V that lofted Skylab to space.
The interaction of these two variables leads to a point in the ascent when the aerodynamic pressure, denoted by the letter 'Q', reaches a peak. The other back-up crew members are Commander Jim Lovell and Command Module Pilot Bill Anders.When the crew arrived at the spacecraft they were already suited up and sealed off from Earth's natural atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen. Announcing Our Sequoia Launch: I Can't Believe It's Not Optical!
From then on, simply by carrying out a pitch manoeuvre, the vehicle will begin its tilt towards the horizontal while flying along the desired heading.The countdown still proceeding satisfactorily. Velocity 2,195 feet per second [669 m/s].We're through the region of maximum dynamic pressure now.As it flies through the air, the rocket must withstand an aerodynamic pressure imparted by its speed through the molecules of the atmosphere. Live coverage of the countdown and launch of a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from launch pad 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida with the Arabsat 6A communications satellite.